An Example of Treatment Difficulties of Mesothelioma

Smoking is a rare cancer is contact asbestos. This disease is a cruel cancer types, because it is hard to find, often only diagnosed late stage. At this point, the treatment is usually very difficult. Give your idea, we have a job how difficult it is, in this article. The complication,

This is mesothelium cancer entry. This mesothelium found is a kind of lining the chest and abdomen, is more or less protection organs of scabbard, such as the heart and lungs. Although cancer easily recognizable, cannot say so, in thin lining around it. This is what makes mesothelioma so deadly. It is usually very late, usually found in has grown up to 20, 30, 40 years or longer.

Cancer is the most commonly found in mesothelioma lung. The doctor�s diagnosis, usually must undergo biopsy material. It is through the creation of a small incision, then insert the relevant medical instrument. Small amounts of substances are cut off, and then sent to the office and pathology in microscope examination. It sounds simple, but here is to cope with this. new

Surgeons have noticed a unique problems, this form of cancer. To perform a biopsy, a cancer often take the invasion of the incision. Cancerous growths and sprout, began to flourish. Consider, for one minute. This kind of cancer is so difficult, making an incision can spread. Facing this huge problems, you can understand why less than 10% of the patients survived 5 years.

Smoking is a rare disease, but a vicious circle. Treatment is improving, but no cure, has found that one is on the horizon. In this case, it is clear that should prohibit partial asbestos into a complete ban, absolutely, more and more people suffer.

Source : Meso

Mesothelioma Types and Their Symptoms

Mesothelioma or cancer is a deadly mesothelium tumor, influence, peritoneal and pericardium lining, abdomen, subpleural lung and heart around. This is a deadly disease causing the asbestos, natural minerals.

Tumors are benign, namely mesothelioma. This may explain and spreading or can be amplified malignant such as cancer and spread to other parts of the body cause death. The main reason is that long-term exposure to asbestos, it has a 30-50 years incubation period.

Different types of entry

Smoking can be divided into three categories depending on the area of the body.
Three common mesothelioma.

1. Pleural mesothelioma

2. Peritoneal mesothelioma

3. Pericardial mesothelioma

Pleural mesothelioma

The most common form, the pleural mesothelioma pleural mesothelioma) is (cancer tumors protective liner. It can be benign or malignant.

Pleural is a sac � like membrane by two layers of chest was released. This, in turn, like a lubricant agent to breathe, pulmonary function. Period,

Symptoms:

Common symptoms of Pleural Mesothelioma are:

� Shortness of breath

� Chest pain

� Back pain

� Pain in the rib cage

Other symptoms of Pleural Mesothelioma, for both benign and cancerous forms, include:

� Fluid build-up in the lung lining

� Hoarseness

� Coughing up blood

� Swelling of the face and arms

� Muscle weakness

� Paralysis

� Sensory loss

Peritoneal Mesothelioma

Another common form of mesothelioma is peritoneal mesothelioma or cancer of the peritoneum that causes tumor in the abdominal lining. Like pleural it can be benign or malignant.

The peritoneum is the membrane that covers most of the organs in the abdominal cavity and also includes:

� Tunica Vaginalis Testis (mesothelial tissue lining the male internal reproductive organs)

� Tunica Serosa Uteri (mesothelial tissue lining the female reproductive organs).

Symptoms

The fluid released in the peritoneum helps in the smooth functioning of these organs. When the peritoneum is affected, some common symptoms experienced are:

� Stomach pain

� Weight loss

� Nausea

� Vomiting

� Hernia

� Bowel obstruction

� Fluid in the abdominal cavity

If the cancer spreads beyond the abdominal cavity, additional symptoms can be found, such as:

� Anemia

� Blood clotting abnormalities

� Trouble swallowing

� Swelling of neck, face or arms

Pericardial Mesothelioma

Pericardial Mesothelioma or the cancer of pericardium is a tumor of the protective sac-like lining around the heart.

Pericardium protects the heart by:

� Smoothening its motion against surrounding organs

� Limiting its motion so that it stays in the chest cavity

� Preventing it from over-expansion during excess influx of blood

Symptoms

When pericardium�s function is affected by mesothelioma, the following symptoms may occur:

� Chest pain

� Shortness of breath

� Fluid accumulation in the lining

Source : Meso

Treatment of Traditional Mesothelioma

Traditional treatment is the standard treatment for malignant mesothelioma entry, this is a kind of disease, cancer cells and tissues of the body mesothelial effect. Mesothelioma treatments because of different factors, such as the position of cancer cells, and the patient�s disease, a personal choice. Generally speaking, the traditional surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, including mesothelioma or different combinations, these 3 kinds of treatment.

Surgical treatment of cancer, or delete the affected organ or alleviate pain. Sometimes it may not be able to remove all the parts, almost has spread, However surgery may help to relieve pain. Two categories, including �lung surgery� and �palliative program.�

Pneumonectomy involves lung. This method in two varieties, �traditional� lesions resected lung cancer is removed, and extrapleural lung �in� poor pulmonary and parts, the diaphragm and parietal pericardium pleural side with the chest, has been cancelled.

Application procedures, treatment, but cannot heal mesothelioma symptoms to relieve pain and control. �Thoracentisis� and �pleurectomy/decortication� is all sorts of palliative program. In thoracentisis, a needle is on the chest, either from liquid to diagnose, or from liquid to alleviate pain. Pleurectomy/decortication remove pleural to alleviate the pain or prevent recurrence of pleural effusion.

Chemotherapy is another important traditional treatments used to kill cancer cells of the entry into the intravenous drugs. This method also involves the use of drugs to maintain normal tumor cells. Quite serious side effects, but in the treatment of chemotherapy, and may even damage because of cancer cells, but health. Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, loss, constipation, decreased appetite and oral ulcer is some of its effects.

Radiation therapy (radiotherapy or treatment with high-energy rays) (such as X-ray) to destroy the cancer cells in the local area. Entry Although healthy cells would also be affected, they can more effectively repair themselves. Radiation effects include as a kind of traditional treatment mesothelioma fatigue, hair, skin allergy, nausea and breathing difficulties.

Source : Meso

Mesothelioma Cancer Treatment

Cancer is a kind of disease, mesothelioma from exposure

To the relevant material asbestos. Asbestos fiber, usually by then
Enter the body through the mouth or skin, then enter
Lung and blood.

Mesothelioma cancer has become more widely in the record last 5-10 years,
Due to the symptoms of asbestos cancer between 20 to 40 years for
To manifest. Cancer is difficult to diagnose mesothelioma symptoms, such as no tendency
Until then show their disease. Symptoms,
Mesothelioma lung cancer has shortness of breath, chest pain, fever and other
Minor illnesses such as pneumonia.

The most commonly occurs in the asbestos cancer men between the ages of 50-70 years old
Who were exposed to high levels of asbestos in the workplace. Asbestos is
Mainly used in manufacturing industry, such as automobile, shipbuilding
In the construction industry. With asbestos is only recently
In 1990.

Mesthelioma lung cancer has been found to be the most common form
It happened in the lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma (.).
Cancer can also mesothelioma abdominal peritoneum) (
In the heart (pericardial). Have a greater chance of malignant
Abdominal asbestos cancer. For a more detailed explanation of smoking
Cancer,

Smoking can be detected by lung CT scan, make it
Sometimes the diagnosis of early than the other two types of mesothelioma cancer.
This type of cancer therapy depends on the stage of cancer. Entry
The patient was diagnosed, age and individual be fond of. Alzheimer�s disease
Four different stage division. At this stage of the process, reached the disease
Cancer treatment method to determine the entry. In the first stage
Cancer of the lungs, only can attempt to remove surgeon
Surgical resection of the tumor. Once the tumor into the surrounding the body
In a later period, it cannot be cured.

Generally speaking, the more advanced mesothelioma
Cancer treatment is radiation and chemotherapy. Radiation,
Using high energy X-ray destroy cancerous cells treated with contraction
Cancer chemotherapy, on the other hand, the use of drugs to destroy the cancer cells.
The aim is to extend the entry of cancer therapy the patient�s life
Because of the more advanced disease can not be cured.

Besides the traditional mesothelioma cancer treatment, also have
Currently investigating different experimental treatments with new
Hope.

This form of biological immune: treatment mesothelioma cancer treatment
Using the patient�s own immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. Clinical research,
The immune system that can distinguish healthy cell tumor cells,
So can be used to destroy the cancer cells.

Gene therapy: this type of cancer therapy is still in the entry
Stage of development. This course includes into a particular genes
Into the tumor. The genes that cancer cells sensitive
Glanciclovir antiviral drugs, in normal circumstance is not practical
According to these cells. This glanciclovir can destroy all the cancer
No damage healthy tissue cells.

Drug treatment of symptomatic only: drug approved drugs
The us food and drug administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with malignant tumor
Mesothelioma lung cancer. This new and exciting drugs has been proved in practice
Test, reducing symptoms and increase the patients.

Photodynamic therapy: photodynamic therapy including use
Light to kill cancer cells. Patient first
Photosensitizing drugs, only collect in cancer cells. Optical fiber cable
Then insert the body, so that the frequency of light must focus
Tumor. Light stimulates photosensitizing toxic oxygen molecule drugs
The destroy cancerous cells.

These experiments, although still mesothelioma cancer treatment in development,
Cancer patients to provide better prospects and long service life. with
The possibility that more and more people have been diagnosed with asbestos
Cancer, further research for other forms of cancer therapy mesothelioma
Is of vital importance.

Source : Meso

Treatments of Mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma treatments may be difficult, all kinds of reasons. First, to correct diagnosis, entry may not appear in a patient for decades. This could cause problems with the processing, because, like all mesothelioma of cancer therapy is more difficult, and are no longer allowed to the progress of the disease. In addition, caused by delay treatment of difficulty, this disease is usually mesothelioma should not traditional cancer therapies, more complex treatment. At the same time, the agency, involving mesothelioma cannot bear part or the whole of the removed usually, it means surgical options can be very limited. Finally, the fact that most of the male patients with advanced international level of smoking older than 50 years, usually means that the more radical therapy can be used, because fall because of the health old.

Altogether, this means that even mesothelioma patients, recently diagnosed can get quite a negative outcome doctos from them. Statistics is difficult, but British scientists think 10% of the patients newly diagnosed with at least 3 years of entry, Only 5% of the live for five years or longer. In the first stage, 50% of patients live for at least two years. But doctors may be wrong, and diagnosed mesothelioma is not always equal death. In the case of a famous scientist Stephen jay gould, live peritoneal mesothelioma nearly 20 years. Finally, he died of another kind of cancer.

The four stages of disease malignant mesothelioma measurement has been improved. How to treat patients mesothelioma depends largely on which stage, he or she�s sick.

I: local mesothelioma * stage, only exist in lung, diaphragm and pericardium lining.

The second stage: advanced mesothelioma sexually transmitted to the lymph nodes in the chest.

Stage 3: advanced mesotheioma * has spread to the chest wall, chest, heart and diaphragm. The third stage malignant mesothelioma may or may not has spread to lymph nodes.

* 4: advanced mesothelioma is spread to other organs in the chest and abdomen.

Surgery,

Example 1) or mild second stage mesothelioma is usually provide one or more traditional cancer therapy: surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For early surgery patients, the disease is cured by literally entry cutting of cancer patients. The most common surgery is a pleurectomy pleural mesothelioma or decortication and this is doctor remove all or part of a lung tissue and chest. If doctors found that they cannot eliminate cancer and dismantling of lung tissue, they may also removed a pneumonectomy under, This is called. A more radical types of surgical treatment of pleural mesothelioma called extrapleural pneunonectomy (EPP). In this case, the surgeon will remove a subpleural lung cancer and a heart of inner diaphragm,. It is dangerous and difficult types of surgery, the surgeon will recommend or light.

This kind of influence, peritoneal mesothelioma abdominal surgery patients could give cytoredutive. In the surgery, doctors are trying to remove all the cancerous tissue they can find his belly and viscera. Doctors also can choose peritonectomy throughout the abdomen will be removed. Again, this isn�t an easy surgery and may not be suitable for every man, but it has successfully some patients. Cardiac patients undergoing surgery is generally entry.

Radiation and chemotherapy

In addition, or instead of the surgery, doctors will give patients with early mesothelioma chemotherapy and radiotherapy or both. Radiation and chemotherapy are used to kill cancer patients without killing. Unfortuantely, in order to kill cancer cells, these people often kill healthy cells. This is why cancer patients often lose their hair, diet, and generally weak and sick. The doctor prescribed of chemotherapy and radiation may also suggest nutritional supplements or other measures to control these symptoms.

Chemotherapy is any treating patients is specially designed to chemical drug therapy of cancer cells attack experience. This drug is injected into the blood often swallowing or in weeks or months later, in a loop, and give some patients recover time during treatment. Patients can stay at home, only need to visit your doctor�s office, they can be treated, Sometimes even treatment at home. In some cases, doctors can choose chemotherapy drugs, it needs directly carcinoma patients who, so must live in a hospital. There are many different kinds of chemotherapy drugs, scientists are trying to develop better every day.

Radiation therapy, aims to kill cancer cells and high-energy rays radiation, such as x-rays, prevent them grow. Patients with external-beam radiotherapy, directed by director certain parts of the body ray radiation is affected by cancer. This treatment lasts about 30 minutes a day, is in the same every day after a few weeks. In brachytherapy (internal, the doctor beside a container of radioactive substances of cancerous tissue, surgery, or existing in the body cavity. Some, others will be removed, replaced. Finally, radiopharmaceuticals is sometimes used to execute the radiation therapy, or injections into the body cavity or swallowed.

Source : Meso Info

California Mesothelioma Laws And California Mesothelioma Lawyers

Finding a highly qualified and competent California mesothelioma attorney involves a little investigation. Newly diagnosed victims of Mesothelioma in California often have ample questions involving their health, their future, and their lawful recourses in the event of a mesothelioma diagnosis. The facts of mesothelioma are not easy to hear, nor are they easy to deal with. While a Mesothelioma doctor is equipped to answer medical and health questions as they relate to Mesothelioma, only a qualified Mesothelioma attorney is capable of answering questions that are associated with the legal ramifications of a mesothelioma diagnosis.


California mesothelioma victims are encouraged to make a list of questions that they feel they need answers to, one list for their Mesothelioma physician and another list for their attorney. The top ten questions to ask a California mesothelioma attorney have been suggested here, but there will be many more questions regarding a Mesothelioma case.


1. It is vital to contact a Mesothelioma lawyer as quickly as possible as many states have complicated regulations concerning Mesothelioma lawsuits. The first question to ask a qualified Mesothelioma lawyer is whether or not you qualify to file a Mesothelioma lawsuit. This of course will involve divulging all the information possible to allow the Mesothelioma lawyer to determine if you qualify to file a Mesothelioma lawsuit.


2. Some California mesothelioma lawyers are already involved with other Mesothelioma lawsuits or Mesothelioma settlements which may preclude them from taking on any new cases. It is possible that you may qualify for a class action lawsuit or perhaps an individual Mesothelioma lawsuit, depending on the circumstances. Mesothelioma patients need to inquire whether their case would be handled as an individual case or as part of a class action Mesothelioma lawsuit, and which would benefit them the most.


3. Knowing that your potential Mesothelioma lawyer has ample actual courtroom experience is a highly important part of hiring a Mesothelioma lawyer. It is perfectly acceptable to inquire with your potential Mesothelioma lawyer about their prior Mesothelioma and courtroom experience. Mesothelioma lawsuits are not the type of lawsuits you want a newbie cutting their teeth on, there is simply too much at stake.


4. California mesothelioma lawsuits tend to be large cases with a lot of complicated laws and circumstances to navigate. A Mesothelioma attorney needs to have ample support and resources to assist in the research and argument process. You will want to ask the Mesothelioma attorney how many Mesothelioma cases are in the firm, how many Mesothelioma expert lawyers are in the firm, and how much extra support services they can receive from the other California mesothelioma attorneys in the law firm.


5. Mesothelioma victims tend to be victimized by the contraction of the disease and are often very sensitive to other people's feelings, including their Mesothelioma lawyer's feelings. Asking questions that validate their experience is a good thing, and is not offensive to a Mesothelioma lawyer. If your potential Mesothelioma attorney reacts to questions with offense, it is not in your best interest to hire them. Asking them about their track record with Mesothelioma cases, how many went to trial versus how many of them were settled, as well as the results of each case is a reasonable line of questioning.


6. It is rarely in the best interest of the Mesothelioma victim for their case to be split between multiple law firms. Asking whether your lawsuit will be handled in house or if there is the possibility of splitting the case between law firms is a question of relative importance.


7. The vast majority of California mesothelioma cases are handled on a contingency basis, which means the attorney gets paid a percentage of what he or she is able to win on the Mesothelioma victim's behalf. If the case goes nowhere, the Mesothelioma lawyer typically doesn't get paid. The percentage of the Mesothelioma award or the Mesothelioma settlement which typically goes to the representing Mesothelioma lawyer is between 30 and 40 percent.


8. Asking your California mesothelioma lawyer to describe the process of a lawsuit will enable you to understand the process which you are about to enter as well as inform you of how well your Mesothelioma lawyer communicates..


9. It is important to understand how long the Mesothelioma lawyer will need for research and how much information he or she will need from the Mesothelioma victim and the Mesothelioma doctor. Television has given us the impression that lawsuits and court proceedings happen quickly. They don't it takes time, and for a Mesothelioma victim, time is very precious.


10. California mesothelioma laws may vary by county. Establishing the jurisdiction that the Mesothelioma case will be tried is vital. Often it is tried in the county which the exposure to asbestos took place. Your Mesothelioma lawyer will have to have access to that region.

Three Types of Malignant Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma cell lines the inside chest and abdomen, as well as heartfelt bag - the cavity around the heart. These cells are also lines the surface of most internal organs.


Fabric formed mezotelialnymi cells is called mezoteliya. Mezotely chest called pleurisy, abdominal - ventral cavity and heart - pericardium. Tumors mezoteliya are benign and malignant, and usually there are malignant tumors, called mesothelioma.






There are three types of malignant mezoteliom:
1. Epitelioidny type of 50-70% of all mezoteliom and with the best prognosis (outcome).


2. Sarkomatoidny type (7-20%).


3. Mixed type (20-35%).


Nearly 3 / 4 mezoteliom occurs in the thoracic cavity and are called the pleura mezoteliom. In 10-20% of the tumor develops in the abdomen - mesothelioma peritoneum. Mesothelioma pericardiocentesis occur very infrequently.


How frequently malignant mesothelioma occur?
Mesothelioma is a rare tumor, which is more common in men after 50 years. Every year thousands of new evidence of 2-3 cases. The tumor may be a long time, asymptomatic, and therefore is often detected at later stages, which negatively influences the prognosis (outcome) of disease. The average survival rate of patients is usually only 1-2 years.


Risk factors of malignant mesothelioma.
Exposure to asbestos is a major risk factor for mesothelioma. Asbestos is used in the manufacture of insulation and fire-resistant materials, tiles, brake pads, etc. Once the relationship of contact with asbestos and mesothelioma development of this substance has been dramatically reduced.
The risk of developing mesothelioma depends on the intensity and duration of exposure to asbestos. Prolonged contact at a young age greatly increases the risk of mesothelioma. The time period from the time of first contact with asbestos before the diagnosis of tumors is 20-50 years.


Smoking by itself does not affect the increase in the development of mesothelioma, but the combination of smoking and asbestos exposure significantly increases the risk of developing lung cancer. A smoking people exposed to asbestos, the risk of developing lung cancer increased in the 50-90 times compared with the general population.


To prevent (prevent) the development of mesothelioma must be taken to avoid contact with asbestos at home and at work.




Diagnosis of mesothelioma
Early symptoms mezoteliom are not specific. They are sometimes ignored or taken for patients of normal neopuholevyh diseases. Most patients with mesothelioma symptoms appear in 2-3 months to identify the tumor. A number of patients with symptoms may continue for 6 months or more.


50% of patients with mesothelioma pleura note at the bottom of a chest pain in the side or rear surface. Many patients complain of shortness of breath. In some cases, there is difficulty swallowing, coughing, sweating, weakness, weight loss and increased temperature. Other symptoms can indicate osiplost voice, hemoptysis, swelling of the face and upper limbs.


Patients with mesothelioma peritoneum possible abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss. Some patients may receive the fluid in the abdomen (ascites) and / or swelling.


If you like mezoteliomu is an urgent need to consult a doctor to ascertain the presence of risk factors and appoint survey. During the examination the doctor can detect the presence of fluid in the pleural cavity (pleurisy), abdomen (ascites) or perikarde (pericarditis), which occurs as a result of the development of tumors.


Chest x-ray can detect thickening of pleura, the presence of kaltsifikatov (mineral deposits) in plevre and fluid in the pleural cavity.


Computer tomography (CT) makes it possible to diagnose mesothelioma and to determine the prevalence of (stage).


Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help identify lesions diaphragm - the muscle tissue, which separates the chest and abdominal cavity.


Thoracoscopy (examination of pleural cavity with a special device) you can not only identify the tumor, but also to make a biopsy (take a piece of tissue for research) or to obtain fluid for microscopic studies to clarify the diagnosis.


Laparoscopy (abdominal examination with the help of the device) you can examine the abdominal cavity, take a piece of the tumor, or fluid for research.




Stages (prevalence), mesothelioma
Currently, only differentiated stage mesothelioma pleura, as occurs much more frequently than others localizations. There are 4 stages pleura mesothelioma.


Stage I - the tumor affects plevru the left or right, and the lymph nodes in the process is not involved.


Stage II - one-sided defeat of pleura and the spread of tumor in the diaphragm or lung tissue.


Stage III - one-sided defeat of pleura and distribution process on the front chest wall, or fatty tissue mediastinum, or pericardium, or lymph nodes on the side of mesothelioma.


Stage IV - mesothelioma involved in muscle or ribs, or sprouts diaphragm, or esophagus, trachea, thymus, the major blood vessels, or spine, or moving to the other side, or distributed through the bloodstream to distant organs.


Treatment of malignant mesothelioma
The choice of treatment depends on several factors including the stage of the tumor, the general condition of the patient and his views. Given the rarity of mesothelioma, it is advisable to carry out specialized cancer treatment facilities that have experience in the treatment of such patients.
Surgical treatment
The operation can be performed as a palliative or therapeutic purposes. A palliative operation meant surgery, which can eliminate or reduce pain or discomfort caused by the growth of tumors. Such operations are used when it is impossible to remove a tumor because of the prevalence of the condition of the patient or heavy.


Plevroektomiya / decortication is generally palliative operation is to remove the pleura, which prevents the accumulation of fluid and reduce the pain.


Torakotsentez - a procedure in which a needle is removed from the liquid from the pleural cavity to facilitate the patient's condition.


The introduction of talc or antibiotics in the pleural cavity in order to temporarily prevent the accumulation of fluid in the well in 90% of patients with mesothelioma pleura.


Puncture the front abdominal wall allows you to remove the accumulated fluid in the abdomen in patients with mesothelioma peritoneum.


Patients with mesothelioma pericardiocentesis pericardiocentesis execution provides an opportunity to remove fluid and improve the heart's activity.


Patients in a satisfactory condition with a localized tumor, performing radical surgery, ie complete removal of mesothelioma.
One should bear in mind that often, after the alleged radical operations are microscopic tumor foci. In this regard, the importance of radical operations in patients with mesothelioma contested.


Vneplevralnaya pneumonectomy is the removal of pleura, diaphragm, pericardiocentesis and light on the side of destruction. This extended operation can be performed only highly trained surgeons, oncologists in the patients with good general condition with severe concomitant diseases.


In patients with localized mezotelimoy peritoneum may be an attempt to remove a tumor along with part of the abdominal wall. Unfortunately, most patients with mesothelioma peritoneum performance of radical operations can not be in the prevalence of the process.


In the case of localized lesions pericardiocentesis performed his disposal, and in the dissemination process - palliative intervention to prevent the accumulation of fluid.




Radiation therapy
External radiation is used in patients with mesothelioma frequently.
With internal radiation radioactive material is brought directly to the tumor.
This type of radiation therapy is used as the primary method of treatment for patients in serious condition, when they can not move a serious operation.


Supporting radiotherapy after non appointed operations to destroy the remaining cancer cells.
Palliative irradiation is used to alleviate symptoms caused by the growth of tumors: shortness of breath, pain, bleeding and difficulty swallowing.


Radiation therapy can cause adverse reactions and complications in the form of burning the skin, weakness, nausea, vomiting, liquid stool, damage lung tissue, difficulty breathing.
Most adverse events being held after the completion of the course of irradiation.
It is known that radiation therapy may increase the side effects of chemotherapy.




Chemotherapy
When treating patients with malignant mesothelioma drugs could be imposed not only intravenously, but intrapleural and vnutriperitonealno (in the abdominal cavity).
Depending on the stage of tumor chemotherapy can be both substantive and supportive treatment. Moreover, chemotherapy is used only as a palliative, giving only a temporary effect.
Of the anticancer drugs used: doxorubicin, cisplatin, methotrexate, vinorelbin and others in various combinations.


On the adverse reactions of chemotherapy include: nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, the appearance of ulcers in the mouth, increased susceptibility to infections, bleeding. Most adverse events being held after completion of treatment.

Source : Over Mesothelioma

Risk Factors for Malignant Mesothelioma?

What are the risk factors for malignant mesothelioma?

There are several risk factors that increase the likelihood that a person will develop mesothelioma. The primary risk factor is asbestos exposure. Exposure to this very harmful substance can significantly enhance the chances of contracting the disease. Other secondary factors include exposure to radiation, zeolite, simian virus 40 (SV40) and tobacco. We discuss each of these risk factors in more detail below.

Asbestos

Exposure to asbestos is the leading risk factor associated with mesothelioma. Asbestos is an insulating material comprised of magnesium-silicate mineral fibers. It was favored by builders and contractors for many years for its low heat conductivity and resistance to melting and burning. Since researchers have identified more and more links between mesothelioma and exposure to asbestos, the material is now less widely used. Prior to this discovery, however, millions of Americans have experienced serious exposure to this harmful substance.

Over 700,000 schools and buildings in the United States today contain asbestos insulation as reported by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Asbestos exposure doesn�t stop there, however. Asbestos is often found in ship yards, manufacturing facilities, railway facilities and construction sites. Blue collar workers are at the highest risk for developing mesothelioma due to occupational exposure and include those who work in mines, factories, shipyards, construction sites, railroads and for insulation manufacturers and gas mask manufacturers. The occupations most widely affected are miners, factory workers, railroad workers, ship builders and construction workers - especially those who install asbestos containing insulation. Sometimes family members related to the workers receive second hand exposure to asbestos from the dust and fibers that were brought home on the workers clothes and also become at risk for contracting mesothelioma.

Serpentine fibers and amphiboles are the 2 primary types of asbestos used. Chrysotile is a form of serpentine fiber and the most frequently used. These fibers tend to be curly and flexible. Amphibole fibers, however, are generally straight and thin and usually comprise one of five types: crocidolite, amosite, anthrophylite, tremolite, and actinolyte. The crocidolite type of Amphiboles is thought to be the leading contributor to cancer caused by asbestos. Serpentine fibers are dangerous as well, however, and have also been linked to mesothelioma.

Some research points to the fact that inhaled asbestos fibers cause a physical irritation resulting in cancer rather than the cancer being caused by a reaction that is more chemical in nature. As fibers are inhaled through the mouth and nose they are cleared from the body by adhering to mucus in the nose, throat and airways and then get expelled by coughing or swallowing. The Amphibole fibers (long and thin) do not clear as easily and it is therefore thought that they can embed into the lining of the lungs and chest and result in mesothelioma.

Asbestosis (scar tissue in the lungs) or lung cancer can also be caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. In fact, people exposed to asbestos are seven times more likely to develop lung cancer over the general public. Workers who sustain high levels of asbestos exposure are more likely to die from asbestosis, lung cancer or mesothelioma than any other disease. It is also believed that the action of coughing up and swallowing asbestos could contribute to a form of mesothelioma originating in the abdomen called peritoneal mesothelioma. Mesothelioma has been found to exist in other organs of the body as well such as the larynx, pancreas and colon, but those instances are extremely limited compared to lung cancer incidents.

The chance of developing mesothelioma is in direct proportion to the duration and amount of asbestos exposure that an individual sustains. Those who are exposed to high levels of asbestos at a young age, for long periods of time have a greater risk of being diagnosed with mesothelioma than those who have short, low level exposure. Another important consideration is that Mesothelioma can take a long time to manifest. Often, twenty to forty years can elapse from the time of exposure to diagnosis. Genetic factors can also play a role which explains why not everyone exposed to asbestos develops and asbestos related disease.

Radiation

Thorium dioxide (Thorotrast), a substance used in x-ray tests in the past has reported links to pleural mesothelioma and peritoneal mesothelioma. The use of Thorotrast has been discontinued for many years due to this discovery.

Zeolite

Some mesothelioma cases in the Anatoli region within Turkey have been linked to Zeolite, a silica based mineral with chemical properties similar to asbestos found in the soil there.

Simian Virus 40 (SV40)

Some scientists have found the simian virus 40 (SV30) in mesothelioma cells from humans and have been able to create mesothelioma in animals with the virus. The relationship between this virus and mesothelioma is still unclear, however, and further research is being conducted to gain clarity on this potential link.

Tobacco

Smoking alone is not linked to mesothelioma, but smokers who are exposed to asbestos have a much higher chance of developing lung cancer (as much as fifty to ninety percent higher). Research indicates that lung cancer is the leading cause of death among asbestos workers.

Source : National Cancer Institute - Fact Sheets: Risk Factors and Possible Causes
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk

Cell Types of Mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma can also be classified by different cancer cell types, each of which tends to behave differently. There are three classifications assigned to mesothelioma cell types.

Epithelial Mesothelioma is the most common cell type and accounts for approximately 50-75% percent of all diagnosed cases each year. These cells are uniform in shape, with an elongated pattern that makes them easily distinguishable when viewed under high magnification. These cancers are adenocarcinomas, malignancies which are more commonly associated with pure lung cancers as opposed to cancers of the mesothelium.

Sarcomatoid mesothelioma is a less common cell type, accounting for between 7 and 20% of diagnosed cases each year. These cells grow forth out of supportive structures, such as muscles and bones.

Biphasic mesotheliomas are those with a mix of epithelial and sarcomatoid cell types. Treatment options do not vary greatly between cell types, but often sarcomatoid mesotheliomas are more difficult to treat as a result of the surrounding affected tissues from which they spread.

Thoracoscopy and the use of special stains can be helpful in identifying cellular classifications, though obtaining adequate tissue samples often require more invasive surgeries.

Source : Mesothelioma

Exposure of Asbestos

1. What is asbestos?

�Asbestos� is the name given to a group of minerals that occur naturally as bundles of fibers which can be separated into thin threads. These fibers are not affected by heat or chemicals and do not conduct electricity. For these reasons, asbestos has been widely used in many industries. Four types of asbestos have been used commercially:
* Chrysotile, or white asbestos;
* Crocidolite, or blue asbestos;
* Amosite, which usually has brown fibers; and
* Anthophyllite, which usually has gray fibers.
Chrysotile asbestos, with its curly fibers, is in the serpentine family of minerals. The other types of asbestos, which all have rod-like fibers, are known as amphiboles.
Asbestos fiber masses tend to break easily into a dust composed of tiny particles that can float in the air and stick to clothes. The fibers may be easily inhaled or swallowed and can cause serious health problems.
2. How is asbestos used?
Asbestos was mined and used commercially in North America beginning in the late 1800s. Its use increased greatly during World War II. Since then, it has been used in many industries. For example, the building and construction industry has used it for strengthening cement and plastics as well as for insulation, fireproofing, and sound absorption. The shipbuilding industry has used asbestos to insulate boilers, steampipes, and hot water pipes. The automotive industry uses asbestos in vehicle brakeshoes and clutch pads. More than 5,000 products contain or
have contained asbestos. Some of them are listed below:
* Asbestos cement sheet and pipe products used for water supply and sewage piping, roofing and siding, casings for electrical wires, fire protection material, electrical switchboards and components, and residential and industrial building materials;
* Friction products, such as clutch facings, brake linings for automobiles, gaskets, and industrial friction materials;
* Products containing asbestos paper, such as table pads and heat-protective mats, heat and electrical wire insulation, industrial filters for beverages, and underlying material for sheet flooring;
* Asbestos textile products, such as packing components, roofing materials, and heat- and fire-resistant fabrics (including blankets and curtains); and
* Other products, including ceiling and floor tile; gaskets and packings; paints, coatings, and adhesives; caulking and patching tape; artificial ashes and embers for use in gas-fired fireplaces; plastics; vermiculite-containing consumer garden products; and some talc-containing crayons.
In the late 1970s, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) banned the use of asbestos in wallboard patching compounds and gas fireplaces because the asbestos fibers in these products could be released into the environment during use. Additionally, asbestos was voluntarily withdrawn by manufacturers of electric hair dryers. In 1989, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) banned all new uses of asbestos; uses established prior to 1989 are still allowed. The EPA has established regulations that require school systems to inspect for damaged asbestos and to eliminate or reduce the exposure to occupants by removing the asbestos or encasing it. In June 2000, the CPSC concluded that the risk of children�s exposure to asbestos fibers in crayons was extremely low. However, the U.S. manufacturers of these crayons agreed to reformulate their products within a year. In August 2000, the EPA recommended that consumers reduce possible asbestos exposure from vermiculite-containing garden products by limiting the amount of dust produced during use. The EPA suggested that consumers use vermiculite outdoors or in a well-ventilated area; keep vermiculite damp while using it; avoid bringing dust from vermiculite use into the home on clothing; and use premixed potting soil, which is less likely to generate dust.
The regulations described above and other actions, coupled with widespread public concern about the hazards of asbestos, have resulted in a significant annual decline in U.S. use of asbestos: Domestic consumption of asbestos amounted to about 719,000 metric tons in 1973, but it had dropped to about 9,000 metric tons by 2002. Asbestos is currently used most frequently in gaskets and in roofing and friction products.
3. What are the health hazards of exposure to asbestos?
Exposure to asbestos may increase the risk of several serious diseases:
* Asbestosis; a chronic lung ailment that can produce shortness of breath, coughing, and permanent lung damage;
* Lung cancer;
* Mesothelioma; a relatively rare cancer of the thin membranes that line the chest and abdomen; and
* Other cancers, such as those of the larynx, oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney.
4. Who is at risk?
Nearly everyone is exposed to asbestos at some time during their life. However, most people do not become ill from their exposure. People who become ill from asbestos are usually those who are exposed to it on a regular basis, most often in a job where they work directly with the material or through substantial environmental contact.
Since the early 1940s, millions of American workers have been exposed to asbestos. Health hazards from asbestos fibers have been recognized in workers exposed in shipbuilding trades, asbestos mining and milling, manufacturing of asbestos textiles and other asbestos products, insulation work in the construction and building trades, brake repair, and a variety of other trades. Demolition workers, drywall removers, and firefighters also may be exposed to asbestos fibers. As a result of Government regulations and improved work practices, today�s workers (those without previous exposure) are likely to face smaller risks than did those exposed in the past.
Although it is known that the risk to workers increases with heavier exposure and longer exposure time, investigators have found asbestos-related diseases in individuals with only brief exposures. Generally, those who develop asbestos-related diseases show no signs of illness for a long time after their first exposure. It can take from 10 to 40 years for symptoms of an asbestos-related condition to appear.
There is some evidence that family members of workers heavily exposed to asbestos face an increased risk of developing mesothelioma. This risk is thought to result from exposure to asbestos fibers brought into the home on the shoes, clothing, skin, and hair of workers. This type of exposure is called paraoccupational exposure. To decrease these exposures, people exposed to asbestos at work are required to shower and change their clothing before leaving the workplace.
5. How great is the risk?
Not all workers exposed to asbestos will develop diseases related to their exposure. The risk of developing asbestos-related diseases varies with the type of industry in which the exposure occurred and with the extent of the exposure. Asbestos that is bonded into finished products such as walls and tiles poses no risk to health as long as it is not damaged or disturbed (for example, by sawing or drilling) in such a way as to release fibers into the air. When asbestos fibers are set free and inhaled, however, exposed individuals are at risk of developing an asbestos-related disease.
In addition, different types of asbestos fibers may be associated with different health risks. For example, results of several studies suggest that amphibole forms of asbestos may be more harmful than chrysotile, particularly for mesothelioma. Even so, no fiber type can be considered harmless, and people working with asbestos should always take proper safety precautions to limit exposure.
6. How does smoking affect risk?
Many studies have shown that the combination of smoking and asbestos exposure is particularly hazardous. Smokers who are also exposed to asbestos have a greatly increased risk of lung cancer. However, smoking combined with asbestos exposure does not appear to increase the risk of mesothelioma.
There is evidence that quitting smoking will reduce the risk of lung cancer among asbestos-exposed workers. People who were exposed to asbestos on the job at any time during their life or who suspect they may have been exposed should not smoke. If they smoke, they should stop.
7. Who needs to be examined?
Individuals who have been exposed (or suspect they have been exposed) to asbestos fibers on the job or at home via a family contact should inform their physician of their exposure history and any symptoms. Asbestos fibers can be measured in urine, feces, mucus, or material rinsed out of the lungs. A thorough physical examination, including a chest x-ray and lung function tests, may be recommended. It is important to note that chest x-rays cannot detect asbestos fibers in the lungs, but they can help identify any lung changes resulting from asbestos exposure. Interpretation of the chest x-ray may require the help of a specialist who is experienced in reading x-rays for asbestos-related diseases. Other tests also may be necessary.
As noted earlier, the symptoms of asbestos-related diseases may not become apparent for many decades after exposure. If any of the following symptoms develop, a physical examination should be scheduled without delay:
* Shortness of breath;
* A cough or a change in cough pattern;
* Blood in the sputum (fluid) coughed up from the lungs;
* Pain in the chest or abdomen;
* Difficulty in swallowing or prolonged hoarseness; and/or
* Significant weight loss.
8. How can workers protect themselves?
Employers are required to follow regulations dealing with asbestos exposure on the job that have been issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Federal agency responsible for health and safety regulations in maritime, construction, manufacturing, and service workplaces. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) enforces regulations related to mine safety. Workers should use all protective equipment provided by their employers and follow recommended work practices and safety procedures. For example, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved respirators that fit properly should be worn by workers when required.
Workers who are concerned about asbestos exposure in the workplace should discuss the situation with other employees, their employee health and safety representative, and their employers. If necessary, OSHA can provide more information or make an inspection. Regional offices of OSHA are listed in the �United States Government� section of telephone directories� blue pages (under �Department of Labor�). Regional offices can also be located at http://www.osha-slc.gov/html/RAmap.html on the Internet, or by contacting OSHA�s national office at:
Organization:
Office of Public Affairs
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
U.S. Department of Labor
Address:
Room N�3647
200 Constitution Avenue, NW.
Washington, DC 20210
Telephone:
202�693�1999
1�800�321�6742 (1�800�321�OSHA)
TTY (for deaf or hard of hearing callers):
1�877�889�5627
Internet Web site:
http://www.osha.gov/as/opa/worker/index.html (Worker�s Page)
Mine workers may contact:
Organization:
Office of Information and Public Affairs
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)
U.S. Department of Labor
Address:
23rd Floor
1100 Wilson Boulevard
Arlington, VA 22209�3939
Telephone:
202�693�9400
Internet Web site:
http://www.msha.gov
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is another Federal agency that is concerned with asbestos exposure in the workplace. The Institute conducts asbestos-related research, evaluates work sites for possible health hazards, and makes exposure control recommendations. In addition, NIOSH distributes publications on the health effects of asbestos exposure and can suggest additional sources of information. NIOSH can be contacted at:
Organization:
Information Resources Branch
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Address:
Robert A. Taft Laboratories
Mailstop C�18
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, OH 45226�1998
Telephone:
1�800�356�4674 (1�800�35�NIOSH)
E-mail:
eidtechinfo@cdc.gov
Internet Web site:
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
9. Will the Government provide examinations and treatment for asbestos-related conditions? What about insurance coverage?
Medical services related to asbestos exposure are available through the Government for certain groups of eligible individuals. In general, individuals must pay for their own medical services unless they are covered by private or Government health insurance. Some people with symptoms of asbestos-related illness may be eligible for Medicare coverage. Information about benefits is available from the Medicare office serving each state. For the telephone number of the nearest office, call toll-free 1�800�633�4227 (1�800�MEDICARE) or visit http://www.medicare.gov on the Internet.
People with asbestos-related diseases also may qualify for financial help, including medical payments, under state workers� compensation laws. Because eligibility requirements vary from state to state, workers should contact the workers� compensation program in their state. Contact information for the workers� compensation program in each state may be found in the blue pages of a local telephone directory or at http://www.dol.gov/esa/regs/compliance/owcp/wc.htm on the Internet.
If exposure occurred during employment with a Federal agency (military or civilian), medical expenses and other compensation may be covered by the Federal Employees� Compensation Program. Workers who are or were employed in a shipyard by a private employer may be covered under the Longshoremen and Harbor Workers� Compensation Act. Information about eligibility and how to file a claim is available from:
Organization:
Office of Worker�s Compensation Programs
Employment Standards Administration
U.S. Department of Labor
Address:
Room S�3229
200 Constitution Avenue, NW.
Washington, DC 20210
Telephone:
202�693�0040
E-mail:
OWCP-Mail@dol-esa.gov
Internet Web site:
http://www.dol.gov/esa/owcp_org.htm
Workers also may wish to contact their international union for information on other sources of medical help and insurance matters.
Eligible veterans and their dependents may receive health care at a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center. Treatment for service-connected and nonservice-connected conditions is provided. If the VA cannot provide the necessary medical care, they will arrange for enrolled veterans to receive care in their community. Information about eligibility and benefits is available from the VA Health Benefits Service Center at 1�877�222�8387 (1�877�222�VETS) or on the VA Web site at http://www.va.gov/health_benefits/ on the Internet.
10. Is there a danger of nonoccupational exposure from the environment and products contaminated with asbestos fibers?
Asbestos is so widely used that the entire population has been exposed to some degree. Air, drinking water, and a variety of consumer products all may contain small amounts of asbestos. In addition, asbestos fibers are released into the environment from natural deposits in the earth and as a result of wear and deterioration of asbestos products. Disease is unlikely to result from a single, high-level exposure, or from a short period of exposure to lower levels of asbestos.
11. What other organizations offer information related to asbestos exposure?
The organizations listed below can provide more information about asbestos exposure.
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is responsible for preventing exposure, adverse human health effects, and diminished quality of life associated with exposure to hazardous substances from waste sites, unplanned releases, and other sources of pollution present in the environment. The ATSDR provides information about asbestos and where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. The ATSDR Information Center can be reached at:
Organization:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
Address:
Mailstop E�29
1600 Clifton Road, NE.
Atlanta, GA 30333
Telephone:
404�498�0160
1�888�422�8737 (1�888�42�ATSDR)
E-mail:
ATSDRIC@cdc.gov
Internet Web site:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the general public�s exposure to asbestos in buildings, drinking water, and the environment. The EPA�s Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Service, or TSCA Hotline, can answer questions about toxic substances, including asbestos. Printed material is available on a number of topics, particularly on controlling asbestos exposure in schools and other buildings. The EPA�s Asbestos and Vermiculite Home Page has suggestions for homeowners who suspect asbestos in their homes, lists laws and regulations applicable to asbestos, and links to the Agency�s findings on asbestos exposure at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Questions may be directed to:
Organization:
TSCA Assistance Information Service
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Address:
Mailcode 74080
401 M Street, SW.
Washington, DC 20460
Telephone:
202�554�1404
TDD: 202�554�0551
E-mail:
tsca-hotline@epa.gov
Internet Web site:
http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is responsible for the regulation of asbestos in consumer products. The CPSC maintains a toll-free information line on the potential hazards of commercial products; the telephone number is 1�800�638�2772. In addition, CPSC provides information about laboratories for asbestos testing, guidelines for repairing and removing asbestos, and general information about asbestos in the home. Publications are available from:
Organization:
Office of Information and Public Affairs
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Address:
4330 East-West Highway
Bethesda, MD 20814�4408
Telephone:
1�800�638�2772
TTY (for deaf or hard of hearing callers): 1�800�638�8270
E-mail:
info@cpsc.gov
Internet Web site:
http://www.cpsc.gov
Information about asbestos is also available from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site at http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2001pres/20010916a.html on the Internet. In addition, people can contact their local community or state health or environmental quality department with questions or concerns about asbestos.
Materials about cancer and how to quit smoking are available by calling the Cancer Information Service (CIS) (see below).
References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (September 2001). Asbestos. Retrieved March 5, 2003, from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp61.html.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (November 25, 2002). Asbestos: Health Effects of Exposure to Asbestos. Retrieved March 5, 2003, from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/asbestos/asbestos_effects.html.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (November 2000). Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Asbestos Toxicity. Retrieved August 21, 2003, from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/asbestos/index.html.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (September 11, 2001). ToxFAQ�s for Asbestos. Retrieved March 5, 2003, from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts61.html.
Dollinger M, Jahan T, Rosenbaum EH, Jablons D. Mesothelioma. In: Dollinger M, Rosenbaum EH, Tempero M, Mulvilhill SJ. Everyone�s Guide to Cancer Therapy: How Cancer is Diagnosed, Treated, and Managed Day to Day. 4th ed. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2002.
Hillerdal G. Mesothelioma: Cases associated with non-occupational and low dose exposures. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999;56(8):505�13.
National Cancer Institute. Cancer Rates and Risks, 4th ed. NIH Publication No. 96�691, 1996.
National Cancer Institute. What You Need To Know About� Cancer of the Larynx. NIH Publication No. 95�1568, 1995.
National Cancer Institute. What You Need To Know About� Kidney Cancer. NIH Publication No. 96�1569, 1996.
National Cancer Institute. What You Need To Know About� Lung Cancer. Publication No. 99�1553, 1999.
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (August 14, 2000). �Second-hand� Asbestos. Retrieved March 5, 2003, from: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/asbestos.htm.
National Toxicology Program. 10th Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park (NC): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002. Available online at http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/toc10.html.
Ullrich RL. Etiology of cancer: Physical factors. In: DeVita VT Jr., Hellman S, Rosenberg SA. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. Vol. 1 and 2. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (June 13, 2000). CPSC Releases Test Results on Crayons. Retrieved March 5, 2003, from: http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml00/00123.html.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (January 6, 2000). Asbestos Containing Materials. Retrieved March 5, 2003, from: http://www.epa.gov/earth1r6/6pd/asbestos/asbmatl.htm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (November 8, 2000). Asbestos in Your Home. Retrieved March 5, 2003, from: http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/ashome.html.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (June 14, 2001). The Asbestos Informer. Retrieved March 5, 2003, from: http://www.epa.gov/region04/air/asbestos/inform.htm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (August 2000). Sampling and Analysis of Consumer Garden Products That Contain Vermiculite. Retrieved March 5, 2003, from: http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/vermiculite.pdf.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (August 2000). Fact Sheet: Asbestos-Contaminated Vermiculite. Retrieved June 25, 2003, from http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/vermfacts.pdf.
U.S. Geological Survey (March 2001). Some Facts About Asbestos. Retrieved March 5, 2003 from: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs012-01/.
Virta, RL. Asbestos. Mineral Commodity Summaries. U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Information. Retrieved March 5, 2003, from: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/asbestos/070303.pdf.
# # #
Sources of National Cancer Institute Information
Cancer Information Service
Toll-free: 1�800�4�CANCER (1�800�422�6237)
TTY (for deaf and hard of hearing callers): 1�800�332�8615
NCI Online
Internet
Use http://www.cancer.gov to reach NCI�s Web site.
LiveHelp
Cancer Information Specialists offer online assistance through the LiveHelp link (https://cissecure.nci.nih.gov/livehelp/welcome.asp) on the NCI�s Website
Source: National Cancer Institute